Supplements Canada ! The information provided on this site is for informational purposes only and is not intended as a substitute for advice from your physician or other health care professional or any information contained on or in any product label or packaging. You should consult with a healthcare professional before starting any diet, exercise or supplementation program, before taking any medication, or if you have or suspect you might have a health problem. Information about each product is taken from the labels of the products or from the manufacturer's advertising material. Supplements. Canada. We cannot be held responsible for typographical errors or product formulation changes. Oral ephedrine used to promote weight loss, and treat bronchspasms due to asthma and nasal congestion. The FDA removed all products containing ephedrine from the. Ephedra can produce modest weight loss when used with exercise and a low-fat diet, but it can cause serious side effects, even in healthy people who follow. Sport supplementation should be used by persons 1. Ephedrine - Wikipedia. Ephedrine(1. R,2. S)- (. It has also been used for asthma, narcolepsy, and obesity but is not the preferred treatment. It is of unclear benefit in nasal congestion. It can be taken by mouth or by injection into a muscle, vein, or just under the skin. Onset with intravenous use is fast, while injection into a muscle can take 2. When given by injection it lasts about an hour and when taken by mouth it can last up to four hours. Serious side effects include stroke, heart attack, and abuse. Dietary supplements that contain ephedrine are illegal in the United States. An exception is when used in traditional Chinese medicine. Both ephedrine and pseudoephedrine increase blood pressure and act as bronchodilators, with pseudoephedrine having considerably less effect. Ephedrine also decreases gastric emptying. Methylxanthines such as caffeine and theophylline have a synergistic effect with ephedrine with respect to weight loss. This led to creation and marketing of compound products. It is a popular supplement taken by bodybuilders seeking to cut body fat before a competition. Because of ephedrine's structural similarity to methamphetamine, it can be used to create methamphetamine using chemical reduction in which ephedrine's hydroxyl group is removed; this has made ephedrine a highly sought- after chemical precursor in the illicit manufacture of methamphetamine. The most popular method for reducing ephedrine to methamphetamine is similar to the Birch reduction, in that it uses anhydrous ammonia and lithium metal in the reaction. The second- most popular method uses red phosphorus, iodine, and ephedrine in the reaction. Through oxidation, ephedrine can be easily synthesized into methcathinone. Ephedrine is listed as a table- I precursor under the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances. Many commercial immunoassay screening tests directed at the amphetamines cross- react appreciably with ephedrine, but chromatographic techniques can easily distinguish ephedrine from other phenethylamine derivatives. Blood or plasma ephedrine concentrations are typically in the 2. The current WADA limit for ephedrine in an athlete's urine is 1. Its action bears more resemblance to amphetamine than to fluoxetine in that its primary mode of therapeutic action involves norepinephrine and to a lesser degree dopamine, but it also releases some serotonin from presynaptic clefts. It should not be used with ephedrine, as it may increase the likelihood of side effects. Ephedrine should be used with caution in patients with inadequate fluid replacement, impaired adrenal function, hypoxia, hypercapnia, acidosis, hypertension, hyperthyroidism, prostatic hypertrophy, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, during delivery if maternal blood pressure is > 1. Hg, and lactation. ADRs associated with ephedrine therapy include. It is similar in molecular structure to phenylpropanolamine, methamphetamine, and epinephrine (adrenaline). Chemically, it is an alkaloid with a phenethylamine skeleton found in various plants in the genus Ephedra (family Ephedraceae). It works mainly by increasing the activity of norepinephrine (noradrenaline) on adrenergic receptors. By convention, the pair of enantiomers with the stereochemistry (1. R,2. S) and (1. S,2. R) is designated ephedrine, while the pair of enantiomers with the stereochemistry (1. R,2. R) and (1. S,2. S) is called pseudoephedrine. Ephedrine is a substituted amphetamine and a structural methamphetamine analogue. It differs from methamphetamine only by the presence of a hydroxyl group (—OH). The isomer which is marketed is (1.
R,2. S)- (–)- ephedrine. The result is that the levorotary l- ephedrine is wrongly named L- ephedrine and the dextrorotary d- pseudoephedrine (the diastereomer) wrongly D- pseudoephedrine. The IUPAC names of the two enantiomers are (1. R,2. S)- respectively (1. S,2. R)- 2- methylamino- 1- phenylpropan- 1- ol. A synonym is erythro- ephedrine. Raw materials for the manufacture of ephedrine and traditional Chinese medicines are produced in China on a large scale. As of 2. 00. 7, companies produced for export US$1. Chinese medicine. Methylation of this product would then produce ephedrine. This pathway has since been disproven. The product is then reacted with a retro- aldolase, forming benzaldehyde. Benzaldehyde reacts with pyruvic acid to attach a 2 carbon unit. This product then undergoes transamination and methylation to form ephedrine and its stereoisomer, pseudoephedrine. The principal mechanism of action relies on its indirect stimulation of the adrenergic receptor system by increasing the activity of norepinephrine at the postsynaptic . Ephedrine, though, binds better than N- methylephedrine, which has an additional methyl group at the nitrogen atom. Also the steric orientation of the hydroxyl group is important for receptor binding and functional activity. The industrial manufacture of ephedrine in China began in the 1. Merck began marketing and selling the drug as ephetonin. Ephedrine exports between China and the West grew from 4 to 2. District Court for the District of Utah ruled the FDA did not have proper evidence that low dosages of ephedrine alkaloids are actually unsafe. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit in Denver upheld the FDA's final rule declaring all dietary supplements containing ephedrine alkaloids adulterated, and therefore illegal for marketing in the United States. Purchasing is currently limited and monitored, with specifics varying from state to state. The House passed the Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act of 2. USA PATRIOT Act. Signed into law by President George W. Bush on March 6, 2. US Code (2. 1 USC 8. The federal statute included these requirements for merchants who sell these products: A retrievable record of all purchases identifying the name and address of each party to be kept for two years. Required verification of proof of identity of all purchasers. Required protection and disclosure methods in the collection of personal information. Reports to the Attorney General of any suspicious payments or disappearances of the regulated products. Non- liquid dose form of regulated product may only be sold in unit- dose blister packs. Regulated products are to be sold behind the counter or in a locked cabinet in such a way as to restrict access. Daily sales of regulated products not to exceed 3. Monthly sales not to exceed 9 g of pseudoephedrine base in regulated products. The law gives similar regulations to mail- order purchases, except the monthly sales limit is only 7. L tyrosine is an amino acid needed for the syntheses of various proteins in the body. It is notable for being the precursor of the hormones released from the thyroid.As a pure herb or tea, m. The law restricts/prohibits its being sold as a dietary supplement (pill) or as an ingredient/additive to other products, like diet pills. Australia. Lower than 8 mg pills are still available Otc for sinus, head colds and flu, but is completely illegal in over the counter weight loss products. Germany. Afterwards, access was restricted since it was mostly bought for unindicated uses. Similarly, ephedra can only be bought with a prescription. Since April 2. 00. The American Society of Health- System Pharmacists. Retrieved Jan 2. 01. Drugs in pregnancy and lactation : a reference guide to fetal and neonatal risk (9th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 9. 78. 16. 08. Retrieved 2. 7 January 2. Preuss, eds. Obesity epidemiology, pathophysiology, and prevention (2nd ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 9. 78. 14. 39. World Health Organization. Retrieved 8 December 2. International drug price indicator guide. Retrieved January 2. Tarascon pocket pharmacopoeia 2. Jones & Bartlett Learning. ISBN 9. 78. 12. 84. Br J Clin Pharmacol. PMC 1. 42. 94. 47 . PMID 6. 87. 50. 0. G.; Hardy, M. L.; Morton, S. C.; Maglione, M.; Mojica, W. A.; Suttorp, M. J.; Rhodes, S. L.; Jungvig, L.; Gagn. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. PMID 1. 26. 72. 77. T.; Allison, D. B.; Coates, P. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. S8. 0–S8. 6. PMID 1. Bray; Claude Bouchard (2. Handbook of obesity. ISBN 9. 78- 0- 8. Sports medicine (Auckland, N. Z.). 3. 4 (1. 3): 8. PMID 1. 54. 87. 90. The World Anti- Doping Code, World Anti- Doping Agency, Montreal, Canada, 2. Baselt, Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man, 8th edition, Biomedical Publications, Foster City, CA, 2. Mayne Pharma. Ephedrine sulfate injection DBL (Approved Product Information). Melbourne: Mayne Pharma; 2. Palamar J (January 2. Health Policy (Review). PMID 2. 06. 85. 00. British National Formulary, 4. London: British Medical Association and Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain; 2. ISBN0- 8. 53. 69- 5. Txsci. oxfordjournals (2. Borsato, Giuseppe; Linden, Anthony; De Lucchi, Ottorino; Lucchini, Vittorio; Wolstenholme, David; Zambon, Alfonso (2. Chem. 7. 2 (1. 1): 4. PHYTOTHERAPY RESEARCH. Edited by Reynolds JEF, ed. Martindale: The complete drug reference (2. London: Pharmaceutical Press. ISBN 0- 8. 53. 69- 2. The Merck Index: An encyclopedia of chemicals, drugs, and biologicals, 1. Whitehouse Station: Merck^Patil, Popat N.; Tye, A.; La. Pidus, J. B. 1. 48 (2): 1. Chem Bio Chem. PMID 1. Journal of the American Chemical Society. ISSN 0. 00. 2- 7. Retrieved May 9, 2. November 5, 2. 00. Phytochemistry. 1. Retrieved 2. 01. 5- 0. Pharmacological Effects of Ephedrine Alkaloids on Human . PDF^Shigeaki Kobayashi, et al. The Sympathomimetic Actions of l- Ephedrine and d- Pseudoephedrine: Direct Receptor Activation or Norepinephrine Release? Anesth Analg 2. 00. Munhall, AC; Johnson, SW (2. PMID 1. 63. 86. 71. Levy; Kavita Kalidas (2. February 2. 01. 0). Principles of Addictions and the Law: Applications in Forensic, Mental Health, and Medical Practice. Academic Press. ISBN 9. Narcotic Culture: A History of Drugs in China. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9. 78- 0- 2. Clinical Toxicology. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 2. ISBN0- 7. 21. 6- 5. Research Laboratories; 1. ISBN0- 9. 11. 91. Health Canada. January 9, 2. Archived from the original on February 6, 2. Retrieved July 7, 2. European Annals of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Diseases.
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